James+'s+Science+Journal


 * 1) TOC



=** Title Page **= =

**Organisms Need?**
· Air · Food · Water · Warmth · Basic Knowledge · Instincts · Waste Disposal · Exchange of O2 to CO2

** Microscope observations **
__1.Tap water__ I saw many cells that I couldn’t name. __2.Pond water__ I noticed that it had more cell that the tap water. __3.Leaf__ I noticed that it had some kind of worm on it. __4.Deal leaf__ I saw water cells even tough it looks dry. Everything seems to be made up of cells and smaller pieces. Such as water, air and maybe other things you cant see with the naked eye.
 * Conclusion: **

**Human Cells Challenge**
How do human cells get the things they need to survive?

How do they get food? From the food our bodies digest. The blood carries the food to the cells. How do they get water? I think they get water from the water we drink From the blood around it How do they get oxygen? I think they get the oxygen from the water or the oxygen we take in. The blood caries the gases the cells need. How do they get rid of waste? I think the waste goes through the disposal system or anus. The blood takes away the waste. 

** Circulatory&Respiratory Systems **
Video
 * 3 hundred million air sacs in lungs
 * lungs look like upside down tree
 * lung tubes are called bronchi
 * cardiovascular system is made up out of blood the heart and bronchi
 * people donate blood
 * blood types a b o ab
 * white cells only live a couple of days
 * scab is made by plasma
 * 1/5 of the air around you is oxygen
 * left side of the heart has oxygenated blood
 * left side of the heart has deoxygenated blood
 * each drop of blood contains 8 million white blood cells and 5 million red blood cells

** CIRCULATORY SYSTEM REVIEW **
Answer these questions: 1. What are the basic needs of all living cells? 2. How do the cells in multicellular organisms get the resources they need to stay alive? The blood carries it for them. Good 1/2 3. What is the main function of the left side of the human heart? The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body. Good x 4. What is the main function of the right side of the human heart? The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body except for the lungs. Good 1/2 5. What is the function of the red blood cells? <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">They carry oxygen around your body .Good x 6. What are the main kinds of blood vessels and what functions do they perform? Veins Arteries a<span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">nd Capillaries which carry red and white blood cells around the body. Good x 7. Describe what happens when blood flows through the lungs. <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">In the lungs, carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen is absorbed. Good OK! 8. Describe what happens when blood in capillaries flows past cells. <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">They flow past and distribute all the stuff it needs to survive. Good x
 * <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">food
 * <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">water
 * <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">gas exchange
 * <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">waste disposal <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">Good OK!

Score: 3/8 See these, James! 16/3/09 Ms Hahn's corrections for you: 1. Food, water, gas exchange, and waste removal! 2. Blood flowing through the circulatory system delivers nutrients and removes waste 3. It collects blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body tissues. 4. It collects blood returning from the body tissues and pumps it out to the lungs. 5. They carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells, and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. 6. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. Capillaries touch all cells and carry out gas exchange and nutrient delivery. 7. Red blood cells release carbon dioxide for elimination and pick up oxygen for delivery. 8. Cells take water, food (sugar), minerals, and oxygen from the blood and transfer wastes to the blood.

**Discussion after Video**
1. Your heart beats faster when you play sports because you need more oxygen. 2. The lungs need to have oxygen so they can give to red blood cells to pass it on. 3. They need oxygen to keep active and to get rid of the carbon dioxide. 4. Platelets rush to make a fibrin which blocks the rest of the platelets and the red blood cells. 5. If you lose to much blood the cells can't live because the blood is needed to give water, food, oxygen and to take away the waste. 6. White blood cells which kill bacteria. == Pigs Heart Dissection

== 1. Why do people eat food? <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">People eat food because it is a necessary of life ad it provides energy. 2. What happens to food in the digestive system? <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">In the digestive system food is broken up into food the cells can use. <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);"> 3. Describe the path taken by food as it passes through the digestive system. <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">First it goes down the esophagus than to the stomach then the small and large intensities and finally out the anus. <span style="color: rgb(166, 8, 8);">Teeth cut mash and grind large pieces of food into small particles. Saliva mixes with the food to start the chemical breakdown. Then it is swallowed. Then it heads down he esophagus.The food moves into the small and large intestines. 4. Explain what happens to food at each place in the digestive system. <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(166, 8, 8);">In the mouth the food is broken into smaller pieces. In the small intestine the he food i changed into nutrients the cells can use. In the large intestine the water is taken out of the food and the remaining material is composed of fiber indigestible material an dead bacteria. <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">5. How does digested food get to cells? Through the blood. <span style="color: rgb(166, 8, 8);">The food pass through the millions of capillaries in the small intestine. 6. Why do people need kidneys? <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">People need kidneys because they are need to keep the body clean. <span style="color: rgb(166, 8, 8);">If the waste builds up the environment would soon be unfit ti support living cells. <span style="color: rgb(166, 8, 8);"> 7. Describe how kidneys work. <span style="color: rgb(232, 33, 225);">Kidneys clean the cells. <span style="color: rgb(166, 8, 8);">Kidneys act like filters separating the cellular waste from the blood. ==
 * // THE DISASSEMBLY LINE // REVIEW **==

**Digestive and Excretory**
the food to get through the small intestine
 * a lot of hydrochloric acid
 * digestive system starts when thought smell or taste of food is present
 * stomach has thick layer mucus to protect itself from acid
 * more than 1.5 liters of salvias produced in one day
 * the tube that the food goes through is the esophagus
 * takes 3-10 hours for
 * people produce more than 1 liter of glass a day
 * kidneys hardly as big as your hand

Glossary == Cell- Is the basic unit of life Oxygen- Is an atmospheric gas needed to support life. Carbon Dioxide- A waste gas made by every living things Pulse- The result of the blood being pushed through blood vessels by the beating of the heart. Heart- The organ that pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the oxygenated blood around the body Blood Vessels- The arteries, veins and the capillaries that carry the blood around the body Blood- Is a liquid that flows to and from the cells in the∂d blood vessels The human heart has four chambers-right atrium,left atrium,left ventricle and the right ventricle. Circulatory System- includes tissues( blood and blood vessels)and organs(heart) that transport life-support substances to cells AND removes waste. Respiratory System- includes the tissues and organs (lungs) tat provide gas exchange(02 & CO2) Cross Section-is a cut across an object and exposes its internal structure Vascular plants- a multicellular organism plant that has vessels for transporting water, minerals, and sugar to its cells Xylem-found in vascular plants. Tubes to transport water and minerals to cells. Classify-Sorting things out into classes or groups Palmate,Pinnate,Parallel- are the three ways vascular plants can be classified Food- is the source of energy and building materials for living cells Photosynthesis- is the chemical process in which cells produce energy rich sugar molecules and release Fat/Protein- are groups of nutrients that provide energy and building blocks for growth and development Mass- is a quantity of matter Sunlight-is solar. Light from the sun Starch-are chemicals produced by plants to store food Molecule- is a particle made of two or more atoms. A sugar molecule is made of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

pinnateparallelpalmate

=**VASCULAR PLANTS**=

**CELERY EXPERIMENT A**
Design an experiment to get information about rootless celery and water. The materials available to you include: 2 Stalks of celery with leaves 2 Stalks of celery without leaves 4 Vials
 * Experimental**

1 vial holder

measurement tools While you work on your experimental design, think about these three things. • Leaves might affect how celery interacts with water. • The mass of the celery might change. • The volume of water in the vial might change. ** Plan to answer our question: ** Will the absorb more water then the celery with leaves? ** Copy this: **
 * Testable question:**
 * 1) fill the vials with water
 * 2) put the celery in
 * 3) test how much water is gone in 1 day
 * 4) compare the amount
 * 5) write the results

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;">
 * Celery Condition || Starting volume of water (mL) || Ending volume of water (mL) || Starting mass of celery (g) || Ending mass of celery (g) ||
 * leaves a (Alexa) || 25 ml ||  || 24g || 23 ||   ||   ||
 * leaves d (Dan) || 25 ml || 11 || 22g || 25g. ||  ||
 * no leaves b(Bob) || 25 ml || 16 || 58g || 47g. ||  ||
 * no leaves C(Carl) || 25 ml || 20 || 39g || 30g. ||  ||

=Notes on video= = =
 * 1) Plants have tubes to suck up water
 * 2) Vascular plants can live far from water
 * 3) Some plants can live to be 4,000 years old
 * 4) Animal cells are like squishy plastic bags
 * 5) All plants have tissues and organs
 * 6) Plants have chlorophyll cells
 * 7) Vascular plans are multi-celled organisms
 * 8) Worlds biggest living thing is General Sherman
 * 9) Tree trunks are also stems
 * 10) Less water make a thin ring
 * 11) Roots main job is to anchor the plant
 * 12) Grass connects roots with other roots
 * 13) Roots always follow gravity down
 * 14) Geotropism is plants growing down
 * 15) Phototropism is plants growing to the sun
 * 16) More then 300,000 kinds of plants
 * 17) The mesophyll is were the photosynthesis occurs
 * 18) Roots take in water
 * 19) All plants are multi-cellular organisms
 * 20) All plants have rigid cell walls
 * 21) Plants usually have chlorophyl.
 * 22) Xylem and Phloem are the two types of plant tissue
 * 23) Xylem brings water and nutrients to the leafs
 * 24) Phloem brings sugar to where ever is needed
 * 25) Trunk rings size depend on how wet that year was

Making food Article
 * 1) Plants do not produce food when they have no water√
 * 2) Plants do not produce food when they have no light√
 * 3) Plants do not produce food when they have no nitrogen√
 * 4) Plants do produce food when they have no oxygen√
 * 5) Plants do produce food when they have no carbon dioxide√
 * 6) Plants do not produce food from the sand they grow in.
 * 7) The variable that are essential for plants to produce food food are water light and carbon dioxide
 * 8) The mass of the produced food comes from the water sunlight carbon dioxide and minerals
 * 9) Paco's and Eva's conclusion support my conclusion because there experiment results prove that to produce food a plant does not need nitrogen and oxygen but carbon dioxide, light and water to produce food.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS This is the equation:**
 * The form of food produced in plants is sugar. The process that makes sugar is called** PHOTOSYNTHESIS**.** PHOTOSYNTHESIS **happens in green cells.

We found out that when we added flour to the bag with crunched cookies,warm water and yeast it has hardly any activity but when we do the same thing with sugar instead of flour it has a greater a amount of activity Yeast is a strange organism because it expands greatly. What we used
 * Solar energy must also be presen**t with the 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and the 12 molecules of water in order for PHOTOSYNTHESIS (or the making of sugar) to occur.
 * 1) Sugar is a class of substances called carbohydrates
 * 2) The raw materials needed by plants to make sugar are light water and Carbon dioxide
 * 3) The role of chlorophyll is the cells inside the leaf that absorb food.
 * 4) The product of photosynthesis is sugar which goes to the cells.
 * 5) The food is produced in the leaves
 * 6) We run on solar energy because with out it the plants would die and the animals that eat he plants will die so there will be o more food so we will die.
 * 2.** ** My Terrestrial Environments Journal **
 * one large basin
 * 8 pea seeds
 * 8 raddish seeds
 * 8 clover seeds
 * 8 corn seeds
 * 7 barley
 * 500 ml of sand
 * One and a half liter of soil
 * 50 ml of stones
 * 800 ml of water

How do the sides and the top of the terrarium look?<span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">The sides are very moist from condensation. 22/4/09 · How does the soil look?<span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">The soil is very watery. 22/4/09 · Have any seed sprouted?<span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">No 22/4/09 · What kind of seed sprouted first?<span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">The corn seeds 27/4/09 . What kind of seed sprouted last?<span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">Unfortunately not all seeds sprouted 11/5/09 · What kind of plant grows best in your terrarium? <span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">The corn 29/4/09 · How have the living factors of the environment changed?<span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">They have turned brown 11/5.09 · How have the nonliving factors of the environment changed?<span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">They have become dry 11/5/09 · Which organisms found your terrarium a favorable environment? Why do you think so? <span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">Corn because it grew the tallest. 11/5/09 · How would you recommend planting seeds in a terrarium? How much soil should be on top of the seed? Do different types of seeds require different planting techniques?<span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">Use a moderate amount of water every day.11/5/09 · How is the environment in your terrarium different than the more common environment for corn, barley, clover, radishes, and peas? · If you were going to set up a terrarium again, what would you do differently and why? <span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">I would poor less water in because it flooded our terrauim and messed up the place of the seeds 29/4/09 · What factors might affect the growth of the plants in your terrarium if you repeated the investigation during a different season? In a different room in the school? In a different part of the country?<span style="color: rgb(177, 16, 156);">The amount of sunlight it gets. 11/5/09 Observations 24/4/09
 * They added 250 ml of water
 * They put plastic on to make it humid
 * No seeds have sprouted

Observations 27/4/09 Observations 27/4/09 Observations 1/5/09 Observations 4/5/09 Observations 6/5/09 Observations 11/5/09 REVEIW QUESTIONS **Cellular Respiration
 * 3 seeds has sprouted
 * We noticed that two corn sprouted and one clover sprouted
 * they are all and different spaces
 * One of the corn seeds have sprouted to the top of the box
 * The sides of the box are very wet.
 * One of the corn seeds is 5 inches
 * The other one is 3 inches
 * The clover is half an inch
 * One goes above the top
 * only three have sprouted
 * the least have sprouted in our box
 * Added 50 ml of water
 * 6 seeds srpouted and total
 * 3 were new today
 * one is taller then the box
 * the tallest plant is taller then box though bending
 * we added 60 ml of water
 * we used a stick to keep the tallest plant straight
 * The plant are turning brown
 * They added 400 ml of water
 * the stick we used is not working
 * 1) People eat food because without it they would not be able to produce sugar without so they would not survive.
 * 2) Our cells get energy from the food we eat because the digestive system breaks down the food for sugar.
 * 3) Plant cells get the energy they need from CO2, water and sunlight which works together to
 * 4) During cellular respiration

1. 2. 3.

How Much Sugar in our Cereals?

What we did: We chose 2 cereals that we thought might be HIGH and LOW in sugar content. Then we labeled the bags(HIGH and LOW) put 100 ml of yeast for each bag then put 3 grams of cereal in them then 50 ml of hot water in each bag the tn sealed and squeezed all the air out of it then soaked it in a 10 minute bath then the next day we did the same thing except a 20 minute bath instead. **
 * Food tested: ||  || Amount of carbon dioxide in 10 min ||   || Amount of carbon dioxide in 20 min ||


 * Koko Krunch ||  || 100 ml ||   || 200 ml ||


 * Corn Flakes ||  || 0 ml ||   || 0 ml ||


 * Corn Flakes ||  || 50 ml ||   || 100 ml ||


 * Captain Crunch ||  || 100 ml ||   || 230 ml ||


 * Choco Bits ||  || 100 ml ||   || 0 ml ||


 * Corn Flakes ||  || 50 ml ||   || 0 ml ||


 * Cookie Crisp ||  || 150 ml ||   || 150 ml ||


 * Frosties ||  || 100 ml ||   || 50 ml ||


 * Corn Crunch ||  || 150 ml ||   || 150 ml ||


 * Cheerios ||  || 50 ml ||   || 50 ml ||

<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; color: rgb(166, 8, 8);">After ten minutes high had produced 150 mL of carbon dioxide and low had produced 100 mL. After 20 minutes LOW stayed the same and so did HIGH. I think when Choco Bits and Corn Flakes went from 100 mL and 50 mL of Carbon Dioxide to no Carbon Dioxide there must have been a hole in the bag and all the carbon dioxide floated out. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; font-size: 90%;"> **<span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">Brine Shrimp Hatching ** <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);"> 1. The problem: We wanted to find out... We wanted to find out the salinity in which Brine Shrimp need to survive and if the salinity affected the shrimp.If so how much was needed to affect the shrimp. We wanted to see if the shrimp could continue to feed the migratory birds. 2. What we did: We put labels that said 1 spoon of salt, 2 spoons of salt, 3 spoons of salt etc... then we added water and the different amount of salt in each tub. Finally we added the Brine shrimp eggs. We called our group so what. 3. After 24 hours we noticed.... We noticed that the Brine shrimps have hatched in the tub that has 1 spoon of salt and 2 spoons of salt. They are very small and move with small quick movements. A lot of the shrimps hatched. 4. After 48 hours we noticed that in all the cups there are some dead shrimp but some cups have less dead then other <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">s. <span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);"> My letter to Dr.Byrans Dear Dr.Byrans for this experiment we tried to find out if brine shrimp needed salt to survive. We noticed that the rare specimen of the animal known as Brine shrimp use the salt molecules for there advantage. I inference that the amount of salinity in the water will make the unnatural environment more like were they were collected from by marine biolaogistt. We figured out that the amount of salintiy is more affective to the Artemia salina Or more commonly know as brine shrimp. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> **How can we find out if the eggs that have not hatched in the cups are still viable? (Alive or able to grow)
 * Sugar (control) ||  || 50 ml ||   ||   ||

Our Plan:

1. Add salt to make the cups have 9,8,7,6 spoons of salt 2. Then we look through with a magnify glass 3.See what is alive or not 4. Record Results

After 48 ours... 1. No they were unable to survive because the salt was to strong for the shrimp. In away it was and overdose on the things they needed to live. 2. The shrimp did not hatch because of and overdose or an under-dose of salt. i am not sure but i think when we added the salt and then started to shake then they died. 3. If it is in the wild yes because the predators would have ate the ones that where alive not in eggs then they hatch with the danger pass. Extra for 3- I think the answer would be different if there was to little compared to much**