Reina+'s+Science+Journal

= = =** Title page **= = = = = = = =**Reina**=

24/2/09 **Microscope Observations**

Everything seems to be made up of smaller pieces, cells, water, air, and maybe other things we can’t see with the naked eye.

24/2/09 **What are some things all organisms need? Shelter **

=**Human Cells Challenge**=


 * How do human cells get the things to survive?
 * How do they get food?
 * How do they get water?
 * How do they get the oxygen?
 * How do they get rid of waste?

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I not sure but I think that (for the second question) they get food in the way that the human swallows the food and for the cells are part of the body they will feed on the same food the human eats. That's my hypothesis. Now I know that the human cells get the food they need from the blood pumped around the body. ======

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I think that they get water from the water from the human they're in. Because they are part of the body they all will share the same food. They will drink the same water that the human. Now I know that they get the water they need from the blood pumped around the body. ======

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I think that they will either breath the same air as the human or that because there are tiny holes in your skin the sweat comes out maybe they breath through the holes. I know that now they get gases also from the blood. I think that they get rid of waste by pushing it out with our waste. Now I know that they get rid of waste through the blood as well. ======

=**CIRCULATORY SYSTEM REVIEW**=

1. What are the basic needs of all living cells?
They need water, food, an exchange of gases (O2 and CO2), and disposal of waste. OK!

2. How do the cells in multicellular organisms get the resources they need to stay alive?
The cells get what they need from the blood of the multicellular organism. 1/2

3. What is the main function of the left side of the human heart?
To push out the blood that has been inthe right venticle and into the lungs. x

4. What is the main function of the right side of the human heart?
To pump the blood into the left side of the heart so that it can be transported to the lungs. x

5. What is the function of the red blood cells?
To carry oxygen around the body. 1/2

6. What are the main kinds of blood vessels and what functions do they perform?
Red for oxygen carrying, white for fighting infection, and blue for the blood that does not have oxygen. x

7. Describe what happens when blood flows through the lungs.
When blood flows through the lungs, the oxygen is taken in through the tiny capillaries and sucked into the lung's tissue and sent around the body. x

8. Describe what happens when blood in capillaries flows past cells.
The cells take up whatever they need when blood flows past them in the capillaries. x Score: 2 /8 Check the answers, Reina! 15/3/09 Ms Hahn's corrections for you: 1. Food, water, gas exchange, and waste removal! 2. Blood flowing through the circulatory system delivers nutrients and removes waste 3. It collects blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body tissues. 4. It collects blood returning from the body tissues and pumps it out to the lungs. 5. They carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells, and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. 6. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. Capillaries touch all cells and carry out gas exchange and nutrient delivery. 7. Red blood cells release carbon dioxide for elimination and pick up oxygen for delivery. 8. Cells take water, food (sugar), minerals, and oxygen from the blood and transfer wastes to the blood.

=**Video: Circulatory & Respiratory Systems**= =**Discussion after Video:**=
 * When oxygen goes through your mouth or nose it goes through your body in tubes then the gas gets pushed back by the air sacks at the end and you breath out.
 * your voice box is called the larynx.
 * Someone has to be the same blood type as the person they're donating blood to.
 * The most important blood cells are white blood cells.
 * There are cells that stop the dirt and ext from getting into your body, they are called plateletes.
 * The left side of the heart has a long way to go till it gets the blood all the way around the body.
 * The right side of the blood won't take as long.
 * Karotkoff, he was the scientist that found that the harder you exercise the faster your heart goes.
 * plasma contains vitamins.
 * Blood cells only live up to 4 months.
 * They are replaced though.
 * Your heart pumps faster when you exercise because it has to supply your oxygen
 * Your cells need oxygen because if they don't they will die
 * When the blood vessels are cut the white blood cells gather where the blood cells are cut and they will stop the bleeding to form a scab
 * The body does not get infected
 * If to much blood falls out you die because your cells don't get any food.
 * the white blood cells, red blood cells blue blood cells the cells in your body for example the cells in the muscles without them your muscles can't do anything

=**Heart Dissection**=
 * We first cut the heart so that we would see the right atrium and right ventricle.
 * I was able to put my index finger through the superior vena cave connected to the right atrium.
 * We cut a "v" shape from the right side of the heart but we accidently cut in a different part of the heart.
 * Then we got the right place to cut and then Camila cut it.
 * We were able to put our finger through the tube where the blood was leading to.
 * Then Ms.Hahn said that we could any part of the heart that we wanted to be able to answer questions.
 * We cut out a piece of the heart to see how thick the tissue was.
 * Then, we cut through the heart to see how wide the heart was.

=**Video: Digestive Systems and Excretory Systems**=
 * Syliva is a acid that helps mix the food.
 * Hydrochloric acid is an acid in the stomach, it mixes the food in to a liquid.
 * The stomach has to have a thick layer of mucus around it to protect it from the acid in side the stomach.
 * I think the egg is going to have disappeared in the Hydrochloric acid, turned into juice.
 * Maybe not have absolutely gone.
 * Nothing will have happened in the distilled water.
 * The small intestine is a lone as three men.
 * The liver transfers the toxins out of your body.
 * The solid foods goes through your body to the rectum and out the anus.
 * 95% of urine is water.
 * The chemicals in the urine make it yellow.
 * Kidneys keep the balance the salt and the other nutrients.
 * Nutrients gets breakdown into tiny pieces and enters the bloodstream.

=**//THE DISASSEMBLY LINE// //REVIEW//**= 1. Why do people eat food? People eat food because every living thing needs food it's one of the 3 things organisms need to live. food, water, and the gases O2 and CO2. If the people did not get food they wouldn't be able to live and the cells wouldn't get any food from the blood, If the cells were not to get food then you would die. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">2. What happens to food in the digestive system? <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">The food (chopped into little pieces by the teeth and the silva) moved down to the stomach by a tube and get turned into the a juice by the hydrochloric acid. 3. Describe the path taken by food as it passes through the digestive system. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">The food enters the human mouth and then gets chopped down into smaller pieces (to be easier for the stomach to digest) and then gets turned into softer pieces by the saliva and then gets swallowed down a tube to the stomach. There it enters the acid and gets turned into juice and gets transfered to the small intestine, sugar and other nutrients go through the side of the small intestine, through the capillaries and gets transfered into the blood and gets pumped around the body. The undigested food gets transfered to the large intestine and colon. Bacteria is in the colon and breaks down the unusable food that is that food becomes feces and then goes out the anus. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">4. Explain what happens to food at each place in the digestive system. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">In the stomach it gets turned into juice by the Hyrochloric acid and then gets transfered down to the small intestine where it is stored for 1 or 2 days until it is turned into feces or urine. Then, goes to the small intestine and there the nutrients goes to the blood where it gets pumped around the body to feed the cells. There the unusable food goes to the large intestine and the colon which breaks them down to make it easier for the anus to let out. 5. How does digested food get to cells? <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">The things our body needs from the food are sent around the body in the blood stream and the cells absorb the nutriments in the blood by the small intestine for the sugar and other nutrients gets pushed through the capillaries and into the bloodstream. 6. Why do people need kidneys? <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">It filters the bad things or the things your body dosen't out of the blood like a filter in a swimming pool. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">7. Describe how kidneys work. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">The kidneys have holes in them to let out the bad things or the things that our body does not need. The blood goes through the kidneys filtering out the bad things and then when the blood stream comes out the other side the blood stream is clean. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">1. What does the digestive system provide for the cells? I <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">t provides nutrients for the cells by pumping the food through the bloodstream. The nutrients gets to the bloodstream by the small intestine, the nutrients push through the intestine and into the bloodstream to be pushed around the body. 2. What does the respiratory system provide for the cells? it provides gases (O2 and CO2) for the cells through the air sacks letting in and out the air. The cells get it when at the sacks. 3. What does the circulatory system provide for the cells? It provides ability for the cells to remove waste to keep hold of it in the bladder. The bloodstream is connected to the circulatory system which then disposes the waste. 4. What do the kidneys provide for the cells? It is part of the circulatory system. It provides the ability to filter out the chemicals or the things not needed. I filters out the things that are not needed to then be transported to the bladder. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">

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= = =**Vascular Plants**= * wheat
 * tomatoes
 * lettuce
 * raspberries
 * [[image:Reina_4.jpg caption="Reina_4.jpg"]]
 * celery
 * tree

=VASCULAR PLANTS= Palmate  Pinnate

CELERY EXPERIMENT A The materials available to you include: 2 Stalks of celery with leaves 2 Stalks of celery without leaves 4 Vials 1 vial holder measurement tools While you work on your experimental design, think about these three things. • Leaves might affect how celery interacts with water. • The mass of the celery might change. • The volume of water in the vial might change. ** Plan to answer our question: Step 1: We will use 4 vials, the plunger, and the 4 pieces of celery. We measure each piece of celery. Step 2: We will put water into each vial 35 inches in each vial because when each piece of celery are in the vials the water rises to the top.) and put each piece of celery in each vial. ** Step 3: Then, we will leave them over night. Step 4: The next day, we will check how much the pieces of celery have absorbed. If the pieces of celery with leaves have absorbed more then that means that they absorb more.
 * Experimental Design** Design an experiment to get information about rootless celery and water.
 * Testable question: Will a plant with no leaves grow more or less than a plant with leaves? **

Celery observations after 1 day but before measuring= 1. What was the general condition of the celery stalks compared to yesterday? The stalks with leaves had grown alot more when compared to yesterday. The stalks with leaves however, did not grow that much only about a centermeter bigger. 2. How did the vial change compared to yesterday? The vials that the stalks with leaves had been drained to only a centermeter or two. When the stalks without leaves on the other hand the water had barely changed from the state that it was yesterday. I think the water turning into just a little bit in the vials that had the stalks with leaves in them and the water not changing state in the vials that held the celery stalks without leaves was a big piece to our question. 3. What do you think happened to the water? I think that the celery stalks absorbed the water as nutrients like the way we eat food and the nutrients in that get passed around our body except for plant they don't take it by eating it. The stalks without leaves obviously must of let more nutrients in the pass through their system because when we observed the plants the next day the water in the vials that kept the stalks with leaves, there was only a little water in the vials.

=Red Dye Celery Observations= 1. What do you first observe when you looked at the celery stalks? I first observed that the plants had all wilted. I think it was because of the chemicals in the red dye, it added a new variable to the water and when the plant obsorbed the water and were "surprised" at the new variable in the water. It didn't work well with the celery stalk and started to wilt. 2. What did you observe when you looked at the cross section of the celery stalk? I noticed when I looked at the cross section that the "viens" had red dye in them. I think that the red dye in the water was absorbed with the water and the water is like the blood in our human bodies, in our bloodstream. So, I think that the water goes around the plant's system is like the blood in the bloodstream and because the red dye was in the water the red dye also left its mark as well as the water in the system. 3. What do you think the red dots were in the cross section? I think it might have been the left over "things" that have been taken out of the water like the kidneys that filter out the things that are not needed or the "left-overs". 4. What do you think is the relationship between the red dots and the water in the celery stalk? I think that the red dots are the left-overs or the things not needed from the red dye in the water. =My Conclusions for Celery Experiment B:= I now realize when we did this experiment that it does depend on leaves for plants to get the right amount of food from water. When we observed the celery stalks we noticed that each celery stalk with leaves had drained mostly all of the water from the vial that each of them were in. Though we found that one of the celery stalks with leaves had not changed in its weight. Maybe each plant itself grows differently or maybe we just didn't measure right or maybe the weight hadn't passed through yet as our bodies. But we knew from just observing them that the celery stalks that had leaves had obsorbed more water than the stalks without leaves. Our experiment was a success!

=Observations for the celery experiment=
 * I notice that the water in the vials for the pieces of celery with leaves are almost empty.
 * I notice that the water in the vials for the plants without leaves are at almost the same state as they were yesterday, expect some of the water was drained.
 * I notice that the pieces of celery with leaves have grown a little bit from the time that we started the experiment and when we finished it.
 * Though the water was almost all drained, when we measured the piece of celery that had been in that there was no difference in the weight (the piece of celery had leaves.
 * The pieces of celery with no leaves had no grown the much, only a centermeter or maybe a bit more.

=Observations for the red dye experiment=
 * I noticed that the water had been drained from each vial, probably because all of the pieces of celery had leaves.
 * I noticed that the pieces of celery had wilted a little bit.
 * I noticed that each piece of celery had red coloring in their leaves.
 * I noticed that the leaves on each celery piece of celery sort of had the feeling of a dead leaf, crumbly and dry as if it were sucked of all if it were sucked of all its water.
 * When Mrs.Kent cut one of the pieces of celery our group saw that the piece of celery had the red dye in its "viens" because those "viens" would be the tubes in which the red coloring could be transported as food around the plant.

=My Terrestrial Environments Journal: 29/04/09= =My Terrestrial Environments Journal: 4/5/09= =My Terrestrial Environments Journal: 6/5/09= =My Terrestrial Environments Journal: 11/05/09=
 * We noticed that one of our sprouts has one leaf and the rest have grown but do not have leaves yet. The sides of the terriarium have condensed more because we have put more water on friday. We have left the top of the terrarium on.
 * The tallest sprout 7 cm, the second tallest was 2 cm, the next 1 cm, the 4th was bellow 1 cm.
 * We noticed that there was another sprout growing in the terrarium.
 * The tallest sprout is 5 inches, the second tallest was almost 1 inch, and the rest were below 1 inch (or 1 cm.)
 * Now there are 6 sprouts in the terrarium.
 * We noticed that all of the sprouts are dead or dried up.
 * The soil is dry as well.

= = · How do the sides and the top of the terrarium look? 22/04/09 It looked very wet on the sides. 11/05/09 The sides do not have any condensation on them. You can see the plants very clearly. · How does the soil look? 22/04/09 It looked quite soggy and almost flooded. 11/05/09 The soil now is dry and cracked. · Have any seed sprouted? 22/04/09 No, none of the seeds have sprouted yet I think it’s because we put too much water in to the terrarium flooding the area, that way not letting any of the seeds sprout. 27/04/09 Some of the seeds sprouted. One radish seed, one clover seed, and one barley seed. 1/05/09 Now there are 4 sprout. One radish, two clovers, and one barley sprout. 11/05/09 Now, there is no more new sprouts and all of the other plants are dying or dead. · What kind of seed sprouted first? What kind of seed sprouted last? 27/04/09 We are not sure which seeds sprouted because they grew over the weekend. 11/05/09 The last sprout that sprouted was a corn sprout. · What kind of plant grows best in your terrarium? 1/05/09 There is a clover sprout that has grown very tall. There is another sprout that is pretty tall. Our group thinks it's a radish. 11/05/09 Our observations show the clover sprout has grown the most. It was 5 inches. · How have the living factors of the environment changed? 30/04/09 The factors like the sprouts have changed because they are growing bigger. 1/04/09 The sprouts such as the radish and the clover sprouts. 11/05/09 Now all of the sprouts have died or are dying. · How have the nonliving factors of the environment changed? 11/05/09 The soil has now grown dry and has cracked. · Which organisms found your terrarium a favorable environment? Why do you think so? 11/05/09 I think the clover sprout found it the most favorable because that sprout has grown the most out of all of the sprouts. · How would you recommend planting seeds in a terrarium? How much soil should be on top of the seed? Do different types of seeds require different planting techniques? 11/05/09 I think that the soil was the right amount yet I think that some of the seeds need different planting technique. For example the sprouts that didn't grow as large as the clover sprout probably need more water. · How is the environment in your terrarium different than the more common environment for corn, barley, clover, radishes, and peas? 11/05/09 With farm plants such as corn and barley, those type of plants grow in crops which is not like an inclosed space like our terrarium. The clovers grow on a type of land that is covered in grass. The terrarium has a area which is soil, there is no grass on the surface. · If you were going to set up a terrarium again, what would you do differently and why? I would probably put more water on the soil and put the plastic wrap on the terrarium. · What factors might affect the growth of the plants in your terrarium if you repeated the investigation during a different season? I think that if the sprouts would not grow if during winter if during summer or spring the sprouts would probably sprout very elegantly. If during fall the sprouts would probably not grow that well. But if during the rainy season, the terrarium would probably over flow. · In a different room in the school? · In a different part of the country?

1. What structure do vascular plants have for transporting water?

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The vascular plants have the ability to transport water, absorbing it so that it can be transported through the “veins” of the plant. The way that the water goes up through the “veins” against gravity is quite unusual. The water can travel up to the leaves and be evaporated from the sun. ======

The vascular plants are able too transport the sugar around themselves phloem tubes that can contain sugar.
=Terrarium observations=


 * We added 250 ml of water because it not that much nor too little and it is not even a 3rd of 800 ml which was too much that we put in before.
 * We covered the terrarium with plastic foil again because we thought that maybe the terrarium would dry by the time the weekend was over so if we put the foil on then it would be moist at least.

=Notes on video "Plant Structure and the Growth"=
 * Plant cells have walls to protects them.
 * Most plants have chlorophyll.
 * All plants have tissues and organs.
 * Biggest thing on the Earth is General Sherman!
 * If you look at how big the rings on the inside of trunk you can see how wet and or dry the plant was!
 * Plant roots will always grow down.
 * Roots follow gravity downward its called geotropism.
 * Phototropism, plant that grow toward the light.
 * Xylem transports water and minerals.
 * Phloem transports sugar.
 * The veins contain xylem and phloem.

=Review:= What do plants have in common? A) They're all vascular. B)They'll all perspire. C)They all live in soil D)None of them 

What does xylem do? Carries water and other nutrients. The stem helps the plant stand up and it helps the plant stand up tall so it reach for the sun.

The mesophyll is where photo photosynthesis occurs.

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 * What do all plants have in common? Like all humans, the plants are multicellular. But unlike humans the cells make rigid walls.
 * They all have chlorophyll, organs, and tissues.
 * Xylem carries water and other nutrients and phloem carry sugar.
 * The trunk of a tree and the stem of a flowering plant both have vascular bundles of xylem and phloem.
 * The rings of a tree form from the new xylem and phloem that happens every spring and the old rings go to the middle of the trunk.
 * The more water the tree has during the year the more thicker the ring in the trunk and the less water the tree has had the more slender the ring.
 * Both the system of plants and the Circulatory in humans transport nutrients to the cells, gas exchange, and waste disposal.

=Vascular Plants Thinking:= = = 1. The vascular plant makes the sugar from carbon dioxide and water when the sun shines. The sugar travels through a tube called phloem. If the plant is cut, the phloem oozes out. People know this as sap. The phloem travels through the plant, traveling down and it goes to every single root in the plant.

2. The vascular plants get water and minerals in the soil. The plant transports the water and the minerals through a tube known as xylem. The xylem travels up against gravity. Then when at the leaves it evaporates by the sun through tiny holes.

3. When a celery stalk is in red water and the leaves turn red because the plant absorbs the water thats under it and takes it in a tube called xylem. It travels upward throughout the system of the plant. The xylem flows through the plant to the leaves.

4. Blood and sap are the same because they are both versions of sugar. The blood goes through out a human's body and brings the cells sugar. The sap travels around the plant a form called xylem.

= = =Making Food-Article=

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1. Plants do not produce food if they do not produce water. I know this because making sugar in the leaves is made with the mixture of water, light, and Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Why they need water to create food is because in the plant's system the sugar or "food" travels in the form of a liquid. I want to say that the weight did not change from when they put the plant in the chamber that did not have water. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">Correct! ======

2. Plants do not produce food when they do not have light. I know this because the food is made with water, light, and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as I said in the last explanation. Together they become sugar or known sap. It is transported through the tube known as phloem. I also want to add that the weight did not change from when they had put the plant in the chamber without light. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">Correct!

3. Yes, they do produce food when they do not have oxygen. I know this because oxygen is not the one of the things that are needed to make. That way they produce food.<span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);"> Correct!

Glossary

Blood vessels - The arteries that carry the blood around.
Cell - is the basic unit of life! Oxygen - is the atmospheric gas of life (in the air) needed to support life! Carbon Dioxide - waste gas produced by living things. The human heart has four chambers - right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The circulatory system - includes tissues (blood and blood vessels) and organs (heart) that transport life - support substances to cell AND removes waste! The respiratory system - includes the tissues and organs the (lungs) the provide gases (O2 and CO2) between the blood and atmosphere. Cross section - is a cut across an object and exposes its internal structure. Vascular plants - a multicellular plant that has vessels for transporting water, minerals, and the sugar to all its cells. Xylem - found in vascular plants. Tubes to transport water and minerals to cells. Phloem - found in vascular plants. Tubes to transport sugar to cells. Sap - the sugar - rich liquid flowing in to the phloem. Classify - sorting things out into classes or groups, (scientists do this all the time). Palmate, Pinnate, and Parrallel are the three ways vascular plants can be classifed. stomata - It forms a slit of a leaf or stem of a plant letting gas pass through. PHOTOSYNTHESIS** -The form of food produced in plants is sugar. The process that makes sugar is called **PHOTOSYNTHESIS**. **PHOTOSYNTHESIS** happens in green cells. It makes the leaves green because of the chlorophyll. This is the equation: ** Solar energy must be present with the 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and the 12 molecules of water in order for PHOTOSYNTHESIS (or the making of sugar) to occur.

My cells only produce sugar. No matter what food becomes a form of sugar.

Photosynthesis: 1. Sugar is the combined mixture of Carbon Dioxide, Sunlight, and water. It is made in the leaves at the time when chlorophyll is also in the leaves, making them green. The sugar travels through the plant and feeds every cell. It is the source of energy for the cells. 2. The raw materials needed by the plants such as sunlight comes from the sun, the Carbon Dioxide is gotten from the air around them, and the water is gotten by xylem when it travels to the leaves. These are the three things plants need to make sugar Carbon Dioxide, Sunlight, and water. 3. Chlorophyll is a role that is very important. The chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light and the energy from that is put into the sugar molecules during photosynthesis, then the leaves turn green (most of the time). 4. The products of photosynthesis are Carbon Dioxide, sunlight, and water. They move down through the tube called phloem feeding every cell in the plant giving it energy and making it possible for the plant to live. 5. The plants produce food in the leaves combining Carbon Dioxide, sunlight, and water making food or known as sap. Then it travels through the system in the tube called phloem feeding all the cells in the plant. 6. Plants run on solar energy because they need sunlight to make food or sap for all of the cells to live. If plants had no sunlight they would not be able to live. We eat plants such as vegetables and wheat but these plants can't become food for us if they do not have food to live. That way we can't live without sunlight because food for plants cannot be made unless they have sunlight.

Chlorophyll - It makes the photosynthesis green in the leaves. Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light and the energy in that is put into the sugar molecules during the photosynthesis. That is why the leaves are green! Food - It is the source of energy and the building material for living cells. Photosynthesis - It is a chemical process in which cells produce energy-rich sugar molecules and release oxygen. Fat and Protein - they are the groups nutrients that provide energy and building blocks for growth and development. Mass - A quantity of matter. Sunlight - Solar energy, Light from the sun. Starches - Chemicals produced by plants to store food. Molecule - A particle made of two or more atoms. A sugar molecule is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Yeast - A single celled organism. Cellular respiration - The process by which plants and animal cells breakdown sugar into energy, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the process.

=Sugar and flour observations:= Our class tested 2 variables to activate the yeast, sugar and flour. Our group tested sugar, and when we measured how much CO2 it had made in the cookie bag. It was 100 ml. When we wrote down our observations the other group who tested flour, we found, only made 10 ml of CO2. That means sugar is a variable that the yeast needs to make CO2. Yet, the other groups testing found that their yeast only made either 100 ml or 50 ml. I wonder why?

=Cellular Respiration= 1. People eat food because all of the cells in our body need the energy in the food to survive or else we would die.

2. Cells get energy from food because the food is broken down in the digestive system. In the small intestine lets the sugar pass through its capillaries and into the bloodstream.

3. Plants make their sugar in the leaves. With mixture of water, light, and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. It travels through the plant through the tube called phloem.

What we did: We chose two cereals that we thought might have a HIGH and LOW quantity of sugar. The HIGH cereal was "Coco Crunch" and the LOW cereal was Cornflakes. Then, with our two bags "Coco Crunch" and "Cornflakes," we collected 100 ml of wheat to put into the bags after we measured how many "Cornflakes" matched 3 g and how many pieces of "Coco Crunch." Then, we put the yeast in. After, that we collected the hot water to activate the yeast. Then, put 50 ml of it into each bag of cereal and put them into the hot water bath for 10 minutes making sure that the temperature didn't fall under 35 or go above 50 degrees or else the wheat would die. The first 10 minutes the amount of carbon dioxide for "Coco Crunch" was 100 ml but the Cornflakes had 0 carbon dioxide.

Food Tested Amount of CO2 after 10 min Amount of CO2 after 20 min Sugar (Control) 50 ml 50 ml
 * Coco Crunch || 100 ml || 200 ml ||
 * Corn flakes || 0 ml || 0 ml ||
 * Corn flakes || 50 ml || 100 ml ||
 * Captain Crunch || 100 ml || 230 ml ||
 * Choco bits || 100 ml || 0 ml ||
 * Corn flakes || 50 ml || 0 ml ||
 * Cookie Crunch || 150 ml || 150 ml ||
 * Frosties || 100 ml || 50 ml ||
 * Corn Crunch || 150 ml || 150 ml ||
 * Corn Crunch || 150 ml || 150 ml ||
 * Cheerios || 50 ml || 50 ||

=My Conclusion:=

What I found out that yeast will make carbon dioxide when mixed with sugar. I know now through doing this experiment that yeast needs sugar to make carbon dioxide, no matter what form of food it is to get energy and to produce carbon dioxide.

=Brine Shrimp Hatching= 1. The problem: We wanted to find out if the amount of salt in a lake changed the amount of brine shrimp that were in the lake. Organisms need the brine shrimp to survive such as migratory birds need these shrimp to survive.

2. What we did: We used four plastic containers and put 150 ml of water into each one. We put a different amount of salt into each container and put an equal amount of brine shrimp into each one. Then, left it over night.

3. After 24 hours we noticed that in the other containers that had salt mixed into the water, that all of the brine shrimp were alive. But the container that held no salt none of the brine shrimp had hatched as well as the cup with 3, 5 ml of salt.

4. After 48 hours we noticed that the Brine shrimp seeds in the containers that had not had hatched that, the brine shrimp seeds are floating around in the water and the seeds that are floating around in the other 2 cups that the shrimp in the water aren't moving as much. I also notice that in the cups that do have sugar some of the brine shrimp has stuck to the sides of the cups where there is no water.

5. I predict that the shrimp in the cup with no salt, will never hatch. I also think that the cup with 3, 5 ml tea spoons of salt is never going to hatch either because I think that there is too much salt. But I think that the cups with shrimp that are alive are eventually going to die as well because some of them have sunk to the bottom.

6. After 60 hours we noticed that the brine shrimp in the cup that had zero tea spoons of salt did not hatch as yesterday. But we noticed that all of the shrimp in the cups that 1 tea spoon of salt had died. But now the cup with 3 tea spoons of salt has hatched.

7. My letter to Dr. Brians

Dear Dr. Brians, We have had a question, if brine shrimp hatching has to do with the measurement of salt in a lake. I had a hypothesis that maybe the eggs react to a certain amount of salt to survive and I was right. For we found that the brine shrimp that were in the container that had 3 tea spoons of salt have hatched on day four.

**How can we find out if the eggs that have not hatched in the cups are still viable? (Alive or able to grow)

Our Plan:** 1. First, we decided to put an another amount of salt into each cup. But now we've put a larger amount of salt into each cup the 0 spoons stays the same, and from there we wet up in twos. 2. We closed the lids on them and shook the salt around to mix the salt in. 3. Then, we will wait over night.

= After 48 hours we noticed that the remaining eggs had hatched in the cups that had 4 and 5 tea spoons of salt. But in the cups that had 6 and 0 spoons of salt none of the eggs hatched. = = 1. Were the eggs in the 0-spoons and 4,5,6 and higher spoon cups viable? Yes, they were yet only a few hatched that had remaining eggs that hatched except the remaining eggs in the container that did not have any salt did not hatch. 2. Was the hatching robust or did only a few hatch? Only a few of the shrimp hatched in certain containers for example the cups that had 4 and 5 tea spoons of salt. 3. What advantage is it to the brine shrimp to postpone hatching in salt solutions that are very diluted (little salt) or very concentrated ( much salt). Yes, because in that way the Brine shrimp can live longer in the future like the 3 tea spoons container that had lived longer than the rest because it had more salt than any of the others. =