Lia+'s+Science+Journal

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=Title page= = = = = = = = =
 * 1) the human body
 * 2) insects
 * 3) bacteria


 * 1) animals
 * 2) fish
 * 3) trees

= =

Microscope Observations 24/2/09
Tap water: I saw lots of cells. Pond Water: I saw even more cells. Leaf: I think I saw breathing holes and water and cells a big red blotch. Dead Leaf: I think I saw water and dead cells and a few cells that are alive and the breathing holes

Conclusion:

Everything seems to be made up of smaller things. It is as if everything is puzzle pieces and those pieces are living cells and water and things not seen with a naked eye.

What are some of the things organisms need?
· Air · Water · Food · Shelter · Warmth X  ·  Brain X  ·  Instincts · Basic Knowledge · The right temperature · Cold X  ·  Sleep or rest (not all) · Waste disposal · Earth X  ·  Exchange of gases ( O2  and co2)

Human Cells Challenge

 * how do human cells get the things they need to survive ?I think it uses the body. the red blood cells give out the things it needs to survive. <span style="color: rgb(43,0,128);">
 * how do they get food? i think it's coming from the food we eat. <span style="color: rgb(0,131,255);">the red blood cells give it the food it needs to survive.
 * how do they get water? i think they use the water that we drink. <span style="color: rgb(0,129,255);">the red blood cells hold the water the cell need to survive. <span style="color: rgb(0,249,255);">
 * how do they get oxygen? from red blood cells that are giving out oxygen.<span style="color: rgb(0,156,255);"> correct.
 * how do they get rid of waste? they use the anus. <span style="color: rgb(0,122,255);">they use the red blood cells and they take the waste away from the cells


 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">how do human cells get the things they need to survive ?I think it uses the body.<span style="color: rgb(0,142,255);"> the red blood cells give out the things it needs to survive. <span style="color: rgb(43,0,128);">
 * how do they get food? i think it's coming from the food we eat. <span style="color: rgb(0,131,255);">the red blood cells give it the food it needs to
 * <span style="color: rgb(0,131,255);">survive.
 * how do they get water? i think they use the water that we drink. <span style="color: rgb(0,129,255);">the red blood cells hold the water the cell need to survive. <span style="color: rgb(0,249,255);">
 * how do they get oxygen? from red blood cells that are giving out oxygen.<span style="color: rgb(0,156,255);"> correct.
 * how do they get rid of waste? they use the anus. <span style="color: rgb(0,122,255);">they use the red blood cells and they take the waste away from the cells.

Glossory

 * pulse, the of the blood being pushed through the blood vessels by the beting of the heart.
 * Heart, the organ that pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the oxygenated blood around the body.
 * Blood Vessels,

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM REVIEW

Answer these questions: 1. What are the basic needs of all living cells? <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">All cells need... 2. How do the cells in multicellular organisms get the resources they need to stay alive? <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">They get them by... 3. What is the main function of the left side of the human heart? 4. What is the main function of the right side of the human heart? 5. What is the function of the red blood cells? 6. What are the main kinds of blood vessels and what functions do they perform? 7. Describe what happens when blood flows through the lungs. 8. Describe what happens when blood in capillaries flows past cells

<span style="font-size: 20pt; color: red; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Score: 0 /8! Very disappointing, Lia! Ms Hahn's corrections for you: 1. Food, water, gas exchange, and waste removal! 2. Blood flowing through the circulatory system delivers nutrients and removes waste 3. It collects blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body tissues. 4. It collects blood returning from the body tissues and pumps it out to the lungs. 5. They carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells, and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. 6. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. Capillaries touch all cells and carry out gas exchange and nutrient delivery. 7. Red blood cells release carbon dioxide for elimination and pick up oxygen for delivery. 8. Cells take water, food (sugar), minerals, and oxygen from the blood and transfer wastes to the blood.

1. Why do people eat food? so that red blood cells can collect the suger that is nessasariy to feed all the cells in the body. 2. What happens to food in the digestive system? the food breaks down into suger then red blood cells take the suger to give to the cells all over the body. 3. Describe the path taken by food as it passes through the digestive system. frist the food goes into the mouth then down the esophagus and into the stomach, then into the small intestine, into the large intestine then it waits in the rectum until it can go out the anus as feces 4. Explain what happens to food at each place in the digestive system. when the food is in the mouth, saliva mixes with the food as you chew it, when you swallow, muscles squeeze the food down the esophagus and into the stomach where hydrochloric acid breaks down the food then it goes to the small intestine where there are capillaries and in those capillaries are red blood cells and they take all the suger from the remaning bits of the food and then the food goes into the large intestine then it goes to the rectum where the feces waits until it can go out the anus. 5. How does digested food get to cells? when the food is in the small intestine capillaries connect the red blood cells to the food and then the red blood cells take the suger from the digested food and then the red blood cells are taken all over the body to give to the cells. 6. Why do people need kidneys? people need kidneys because the kidneys clean out the red blood cells. 7. Describe how kidneys work. <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">first blood enters the kidneys and then they clean out the blood and put the waste down to the bladder and then it comes out as urine.
 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">//THE DISASSEMBLY LINE// REVIEW **

Heart Dissection
> pepsin and hidrooric acid need to work together to digest food >
 * First we had to cut the heart where the right ventricle and atrium was so that we could see the tube that the blood travels through in order to get to the lungs.
 * Then we cut open the heart where the left ventricle and atrium to see the tube that sends the blood to the rest of the body.
 * During this I saw a red skin like object that looked like dried blood.
 * 1) the digestive system helps the cells get the food and water they need to survive.
 * 2) the respiratory system gives the cells the oxygen they need to live.
 * 3) the circulatory system gives the red blood cells the things they need then they can move around the body to give he things to the cells in the body.
 * 4) the kidneys clean the blood then wash out the waste so that the blood is clean.

=<span style="display: block; color: rgb(155,0,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive; text-align: center;">Vascular Plants =

**CELERY EXPERIMENT A**
Design an experiment to get information about rootless celery and water. The materials available to you include: 2 Stalks of celery with leaves 2 Stalks of celery without leaves 4 Vials
 * Experimental Design**

1 vial holder

measurement tools While you work on your experimental design, think about these three things. • Leaves might affect how celery interacts with water. • The mass of the celery might change. • The volume of water in the vial might change. <span style="display: block; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0,0,0); line-height: 19px; font-family: arial; text-align: left;">Plan to answer our question:
 * Testable question: will the celery without leaves absorb more or less water than the celery with leaves??????**


 * fill the vials with 25ml of water
 * we will put each stalk in one one of the vials


 * Celery Condition || Starting volume of water (mL) || Ending volume of water (mL) || Starting mass of celery (g) || Ending mass of celery (g) ||
 * Alexa || 25ml || 0ml || 24g. || 0g. ||  ||   ||
 * Bob || 25ml || 16ml || 58g. || 47g. ||  ||
 * Carl || 25ml || 20ml || 39g. || 30g. ||  ||
 * Dan || 25ml || 11ml || 22g. || 25g. ||  ||

a palmate/pinnate leave. a parallel leave.

**CELERY OBSERVATIONS AFTER 1 DAY BUT //BEFORE// MEASURING 1. What is the general condition of the celery stalks compared to yesterday? hey suked up alot of water 2. How did the water in the vial change from yesterday?

3. What do you think happened to the water?

RED DYE CELERY OBSERVATIONS 1. What did you observe when you first looked at the red-dyed whole celery stalk? i saw red all over 2. What did you observe when you then looked at the cross section of the celery stalk? i saw red dots 3. What do you think the red dots are in the celery stalk cross section? i think it's the xylem 4. What is the relationship between the red dots and water in the celery stalk? the water was red and the red dots where red**
 * MY CONCLUSIONS FOR CELERY EXPERIMENT B:**

red water effects the growth of the celery plants.

1. what structures do vascular plants have to transport water? Xylem 2. what structures do vascular plants have to transport suger? Phloem

**Notes on video "Plant Structure and Growth":**

1. the xylem carries water and food up and into the leaves. the leaves make the water and food into sap and the sap enters the phloem. the phloem goes around the plant and gives the sap out. 2. the xylem carries water and food up and into the leaves. the leaves make the water and food into sap and the sap enters the phloem. the phloem goes around the plant and gives the sap out. 3. the xylem sucks in the red water. the red water is given to the cells in the xylem. the cells in turn become red. 4.blood carrys water and nutreients to the cells in the body. the sap holds the water and nutreients to the cells in the plant. so theyr'e pretty alike. **
 * Vascular Plants Thinking:


 * 1) Plants do not produce food when they have no water.correct
 * 2) Plants do not produce food when they have no light.correct
 * 3) Plants do produce food when they have no nitrogen.correct
 * 4) Plants do produce food when they have no oxygen.correct
 * 5) Plants do not produce food when they have no carbon dioxide.correct
 * 6) Plants do not produce food from the sand they grow in.√
 * 7) Plants need water, light and carbon dioxide. √
 * 8) The plants get their food from the water. and carbon dioxide √
 * 9) Paco and Eva's data support my conclusion by how when the data said that when they took away one of the properties of photosythesis, the beans did NOT gain any mass at all but when they took out something that the beans didn't need to make food, the beans still grew alot.

**My Terrestrial Environments Journal 22/4/09

Questions to consider:**

· How do the sides and the top of the terrarium look? very wet and it looked like there was condensation. 27/4/09 still very wet and condesed. 1/5/09 dry and airy.4/5/09 still dry and airy. 6/5/09 very wet and condensed. 11/5/09 the sides and the top of the terrarium of look dry and just fine. · How does the soil look? the soil looked very flooded. 27/4/09 the soil looked very wet. 1/5/09 the soil looked damp but not flooded.4/5/09 the soil looked dry but it also looked like it had some cystalysotion.6/5/09 the soil was some kind of fluffy white balls on the surface. 11/5/09 the soil looked very dry and hot but the fluffy white balls have gone away. · Have any seed sprouted? nothing has sprouted. 27/4/09 3 seeds sprouted.1/5/09 no new sprouts.4/5/09 3 new seeds sprouted.11/5/09 nothing new has sprouted. · What kind of seed sprouted first? two corn and one clover 27/4/09. What kind of seed sprouted last? · What kind of plant grows best in your terrarium? the corn 11/5/09 the corn is the largest plant we have. · <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">How have the living factors of the environment changed? some of the seeds have started to sprout.6/5/09 3 new seeds have sprouted.11/5/09 the fluffy white balls and the crystals have gone. · How have the nonliving factors of the environment changed? we took off the plastic wrap and the lid then we put it back on. · Which organisms found your terrarium a favorable environment? 11/5/09 there was lots of crystals in our terrarium, they where all over the soil and some on the plants.Why do you think so? 11/5/09 they where every where for about 5 days they looked like coster suger. · How would you recommend planting seeds in a terrarium? 11/5/09 I would suggest that you take a small gap in between the top of the soil and the seed.How much soil should be on top of the seed? 6/5/09 the seeds should have they little soil over the seeds.Do different types of seeds require different planting techniques? 11/5/09 I think that the larger the seed the more soil the seed needs over itand the smaller the seed, the LESS the seed needs over it. · How is the environment in your terrarium different than the more common environment for corn, barley, clover, radishes, and peas? 11/5/09 all of these seeds have alot more space for the plant to grow. · If you were going to set up a terrarium again, what would you do differently and why? · What factors might affect the growth of the plants in your terrarium if you repeated the investigation during a different season? In a different room in the school? In a different part of the country?

to make the Terraium: we used: one large basin, a lid with small holes, small stones, half a L of sand, 1L of soil, 800ml of water, 8 barly seeds, 8 clover seeds, 8 radish seeds, 8 pea seeds, 8 corn seeds, and plastic wrap

terraium observatios 24/4/09 **Terrarium observations 27/4/09:** **Brine Shrimp Hatching**
 * we added 200mL of water
 * we put plastic wrap over the terraium again because other wise the water that we had just put in will dry up and the plants will not grow during the weekend but if the foil was there the water will stay where t is.
 * We noticed three sprouts and two where corn and one was clover

> 1. The problem: > We wanted to find out if the salinity of water has an effect of the brine shrimp hatching for the migratory birds to eat. > > 2. What we did: > We used one mini spoon of brine shrimp, then we put 1-3 spoon full of salt into one of each of the cups that we filled with 150mL of water then we put the lid on to the cups and we carefully swished them around to wet the shrimp. > > 3. After 24 hours we noticed that our Brine shrimp have hatched, they seem to be moving with small jerky movements. but the cup with no salt has no hatchlings. not all the shrimp have hatched in the 3 spoon cup but most of them have hatched. most of the shrimp in all of the other cups have hatched.

> 4. After 48 hours we noticed that in the 0 spoons of salt, all of the shrimp have hatched but then they start sinking to the bottom of the cup and they seem to be dead. then the cup with 1 spoon of salt has no hatchlings > > > 5. I predict that all the brine shrimp in the 3 spoon cup will die sooner than the other two.

6. after 60 hours we noticed that all of the brine shrimp in the 2 spoon and 1 spoon cup have died. but all of the shrimp in the 3 spoon cup are alive and the 0 spoon salt cup are all dead.

My Letter to Dr. Bryans:

Dear Dr. Bryans, I am happy to say that we have found a answer to your question! ("Can brine shrimp survive when the salinity in the water is increased?")! We have done an experiment on it, and this was how we did it, if you want to try it again:

Supplies:
 * 1) A vial with brine shrimp eggs
 * 2) 4 plastic cups with lids
 * 3) 4 labels (one each that says: 'no salt', '1 spoon of salt', 'two spoons of salt' and 'three spoons of salt')
 * 4) A base, some flat place to put the plastic cups on
 * 5) Lots and lots of salt
 * 6) A small spoon (check what the EXACT measurement is)
 * 7) A big spoon (a 50 ml spoon would be good)
 * 8) Water

What to do:
 * 1) Put 150 ml of water in each cup.
 * 2) Label each cup with the label. Put the label in a place where it still is comfortable to observe inside the cup.
 * 3) Put exactly 1 spoon full of brine shrimp from the small spoon into each of the cups filled with water then put the lid on the cup.
 * 4) Then swish the cup VERY GENTLY so that the eggs can get wet.
 * 5) Take off the lid then put the salt in the cup (as much as you want for the sepcifications on your experiment).
 * 6) Put the lid back on then again swish the cup VERY GENTLY so that the salt mixes with the water.
 * 7) Then you put the cups (with the lids on it) on the tray that you have.

I hope you like it!!!!!!!!!!!!

**How can we find out if the eggs that have not hatched in the cups are still viable? (Alive or able to grow)

Our Plan:

1. we are going to add 1 teaspoon of salt into each of cups of water except for our control test (of course). 2. then we siwveled it so that the salt will disolve in the water. 3. then we waited for 24 hours

after 48 hours.........** 1. Were the eggs in the 0-spoons and 4,5,6 and higher spoon cups viable? 2. Was the hatching robust or did only a few hatch? 3. What advantage is it to the brine shrimp to postpone hatching in salt solutions that are very diluted (little salt) or very concentrated ( much salt).


 * 1) well the 0 spoons where not viable at all. the 2 spoon cup is all dead and not viable. then the 3 spoon cup has a very small amount of Brine Shrimp on it. at last the 4 spoon cup has a flood of Brine Shrimp.
 * 2) the cups that have hatchlings are cups 3 and 4. the 4 spoon cup is robust but the 3 spoon cup has very few.
 * 3) Yes, because in that way the Brine shrimp can live longer in the future like the 3 tea spoons container that had lived longer than the rest because it had more salt than any of the others.

g**lossory**
 * cross-section, is a cut across object and exposes its internal sturcture
 * Vascular plants-a multi cellular plant that has vesssls for transporying water, minerals and suger to all its cells
 * Xylem-found in vascular plants, tubes to transport water and minerals to the cells
 * Phloem- found in vascular plants, tubes to transport suger to cells
 * sap-suger-rich liqued follwing in the Phloem
 * stomata-allows gas movment in a plant
 * food- the source of energy and buliding materials for living cells
 * **Photosythesis-is a chemical process in wich cells produce energy-rich sugar molocules and release oxygen.**
 * **fat/protien-are groups of nutrients that provide energy and building blocks for growth and development.**
 * **mass-a quantaty of matter.**
 * **sunlight-solar energy/light from the sun**
 * starches-are chemicals produced by plants to store food
 * molocules-a particale made of two or more atoms. a sugar molocule is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
 * Yeast-is a single celled orginsum
 * Cellular respiration-is the process in which plants and and animal cells break down sugar to get energy relassing carbon dioxide

notes on the vidio "plant structure and growth"


 * plants contain Chlorophyll and tissuse and organs and are multicelled and have cell walls.
 * Phloem is fl-lo-em.
 * tree trunks are stems too.
 * roots follow the law of gravity.
 * geotropism means that root will follow the law of gravity.
 * veins contain xylem and phloem.
 * spanih moss doesn't have any roots.
 * photsynthesis occurs in the mesophyll.
 * they are mullticellular
 * rigid cell walls
 * most plants have chlorophyll
 * they have tissuse and organ
 * they all have xylem and phloem in the vascular plants
 * xylem bring water and nutrents into the leaves
 * phloem brings suger to the cells
 * every year the rings form the vascular bundles form a new ring.
 * the weter the year the wider the vascular tissue, the dryer the year the skinyer the vascular tissue
 * they both transprot water nutrients gas exchange and waste disposil

we noticed that............

Photosythesis
**The form of food produced in plants is sugar. The process that makes sugar is called** PHOTOSYNTHESIS**.** PHOTOSYNTHESIS **happens in green cells. This is the equation:**

<span style="color: rgb(128,0,128);">solar energy must be present with the 6 molecules carbon dioxide and the 12 molecules of hodrogen to make the molecules of sugar and the 6 molecules. my cells only becomes sugar, it always makes all food into sugar.

Photosynthesis:
i noticed that Jake C's therey was proved wrong. Jake said that when you make bread, you don't add any sugar so that must mean that flour was needed to make the Yeast activate but the sugar is what is needed to activate yeast. Yeast needs sugar to grow and leave. <span style="color: rgb(170,170,170);"> Cellular Respiration
 * sugar is food that has been broken down into just the nutrients so that the cells may take it in because cells can't process the food by them selfs.
 * all cells in a plant need solar energy from the sun,carbon dioxide from the air, and water ( from water of course ).
 * Plants have chlorophyll because it absorbs red and blue light and then it gives the light to the leaves to proform photosynthesis and if there wasn't any chlorophyll the plants couldn't grow.
 * the products of photosynthesis are oxygen and that is taken out from the plant, sugar, that is given to the cells in the plant, and water that is taken out of the plant (this is left over water).
 * plants produce food in the leaves because there are holes in the epidermis of the leave and then all the things that are not needed any more can there for leave the leaves.
 * people run on solar energy because when a plant takes in solar energy it grows, then an animal eats that plant, then we eat that animal and take in the solar energy that the animal has eaten.


 * people eat food to feed the cells in their body and to live.
 * cells get the food from the food we eat by breaking down the food into sugar to feed the cells.

How Much Sugar in our Cereals
What we did: we choose 2 cereals that we thought might be HIGH and LOW in sugar content. then we added 100mL of yeast to each of our bags. then we added 50mL of very hot water in a large contanier of water then we all made sure that we had the water stay at 50-35 degrees so that the yeast can be activated but also that the yeast will not die then we put the bags into the hot water bath and waited for 10 min. then we masured the amount of sugar in the bags. then we waited for 20 min. and did it again.

i think that corn flakes is the cereal that has the least sugar of all and cookie crisp had the most.
 * Food Tested || Amount of CO2 in 10 min. || Amount of CO2 in 20 min. ||
 * Koko Krunch || 100mL || 200mL ||
 * Corn Flackes || 0mL || 0mL ||
 * Koko Krunch || 150mL || 150mL ||
 * Cheerios || 50mL || 50mL ||
 * Cookie Crisp || 150mL || 150mL ||
 * Frosties || 100mL || 50mL ||
 * Coco Bits || 100mL || 0mL ||
 * Corn Flakes || 50mL || 0mL ||
 * Captian Krunch || 100mL || 250mL ||
 * Corn Flakes || 50mL || 0mL ||