Riley+'s+Science+Journal


 * toc



** Title Page ** By: Riley = =

24/2/09

What are some of the things that organisms need?
· Air · Water · Food · Warmth · Basic knowledge · Parts of body · Waste disposal · Exchange of gases o2 to Co2 Microscope observations

24/2/09 1. tap water i saw lots of cells 2. Pond water

I saw more cells and maybe bacteria. 3. Leaf I saw water even though it was completely dry and cells. 4. Dead leaf I saw it was still living even though it was dead and cells.

Conclusion: Everything seems to be made of cells and smaller pieces, air, water, and maybe other things we can’t see.

questions
>
 * How do human cells get the things they need to survive? The human digests it and the human cells picks up some of it while the other parts go on . The blood carry's the things they need to survive to the cells.
 * How do they get food? ? The food goes by the cells and the cells pick it up The blood carry's the food to the cells.
 * How do they get water? The water goes by the cells and some of the cells pick it up. The blood carry's the water to the cells.
 * How do they get oxygen? We breath in the oxygen and the cells take a bit from us. The red blood cells give out oxygen.
 * How do they get rid of waste? The muscles help push it out. They use the 0 red blood and they take the waste away from the cells.

Heart Dissection
First we cut open the upper right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. We were looking for the right valve.

**//THE DISASSEMBLY LINE //REVIEW ** 1. Why do people eat food? To fuel the blood cells. 2. What happens to food in the digestive system? It gets changed into sugar and vomit. 3. Describe the path taken by food as it passes through the digestive system. the food goes to each entestine which is taken to the cells. 4. Explain what happens to food at each place in the digestive system. Muscles in your stomach mash the food, the food soon changes to puke. The food moves into a small intestine. This is where food changes into nutrients. The nutrient- rich blood flows throughout your body providing food for cells. 5. How does digested food get to cells? The intestines carry it to the cells 6. Why do people need kidneys? People need kidneys because the kidneys clean the body from 20-25 times a day 7. Describe how kidneys work. The waste chemicals end up in the blood flow, if these waste chemicals build up, our life won't support our living cells. But something cleans it called kidneys. The kidneys clean 20-25 times a day. They seperate cellular waste from the blood. The waste materials are removed and are moved to urine. that goes through a tube and into your bladder.


 * When you don't eat you get drained of energy
 * the stomach has strong acids
 * the stomach has a thick wall of acid to protect the stomach
 * the intestine is as big as 3 grown men
 * most people have gas because of fiber
 * the feces come out of the rectum and anus
 * kidneys send urine to the bladder and down the urethera
 * kidneys let go of luqiuds
 * you don't need 2 kidneys
 * i think the egg white will disapear in the acid

Glossary

**Phloem** **-**found in vascular plants. tubes to transport sugar to cells Palmate, Pinnate and parallel are the three ways vascular plants can be classifyed **Food**- Is the source of energy and building materials for living cells. **Starches-** Are chemicals produced by plants to store food **Yeast** is a single celled organism **cellular respiration** is the process by which plants and animal cells break down sugar to get energy, releasing carbon dioxide in the process.
 * Pulse - ** the result of the blood being pushed through the blood vessels by the beating of the heart
 * Heart **- The organ that pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the oxygenated blood around the body
 * Blood Vessels- **the arteries and the veins that carry the blood around the body.
 * Cross section **-is a cut across an object and exposes its internal structure
 * Vascular Plants **-a multi cellular plant that has vessels for transporting water, minerals, and sugar to all its cells
 * Xylem **-found in vascular. Tubes to transport water and minerals to cells
 * Sap- **the sugar-rich liquid flowing to the pholem
 * classify **- sorting things out into classes or groups (scientists do this all the time)
 * Photosynthesis- ** Is a chemical proccess in which cells produce energy-rich sugar molecules and release oxygen
 * Fat/ Protein- ** Are groups of nutrients that provide energy and building blocks for grow
 * Mass- ** Is a quantity of matter
 * Sunlight- ** Is solar energy. Light from the sun.
 * Molecules-** Is a particle made of two or more atoms. A sugar molecule is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS This is the equation:**
 * The form of food produced in plants is sugar. The process that makes sugar is called** PHOTOSYNTHESIS**.** PHOTOSYNTHESIS **happens in green cells.
 * solar energy must also be present** with the 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and the 12 molecules of water in order for PHOTOSYNTHESIS (or the making of sugar) to occur.

My cells only process sugar.

cellular respiration 1. People eat food to get as much energy as you do from the sun. 2. Sugar/ food is practically our food but it is there's. So the food is their energy 3. They don't get as much energy because they don't have sun but the food gives energy.

What we did: We chose 2 cereals that we thought would have the least amount of sugar and the most amount of sugar. The least amount of sugar we chose was Cheerios and the most amount was Coco Crunch. We measured them so each cereal is 3 grams. We put in 200 ml. of yeast into each bag and got a tub full of water which temperature is 35-50 degrees in Celsius. We measured each bag for carbon dioxide.Cheerios has 50 ml. of carbon dioxide and the coco Crunch has 150 ml. of carbon dioxide.

**The conclusion** The one with less sugar and less bubbles have less CO2 but that also can mean we did our experiment wrong because one of the corn flakes have 0 ml. of CO2 and another of the corn flakes has 100 ml. of CO2.
 * food tested || amount of CO2 in 10 min. || amount of CO2 in 20 min. ||
 * Coco Crunch || 100 ml. || 200 ml. ||
 * Corn Flakes || 0 ml. || 0 ml. ||
 * Corn Flakes || 100 ml. || 100 ml. ||
 * Captain Crunch || 100 ml. || 250 ml. ||
 * Choco Bits || 100 ml. || 0 ml. ||
 * Corn flakes || 50 ml. || 0 ml. ||
 * Cookie Crisp || 150 ml. || 150 ml. ||
 * Frosties || 100 ml. || 150 ml. ||
 * Cheerios || 50 ml. || 150 ml. ||
 * Coco Crunch || 150 ml. || 50 ml. ||
 * Sugar (Control) || 50 ml. || 50 ml. ||

** Photosynthesis **

1. Sugar is a kind of Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are made of three kinds of atoms, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 2. The raw materials needed by plants are water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. 3. chlorophyll is a molecule that can absorb red and blue light which makes the leaves look green. 4. The products of photosynthesis are water oxygen and carbon dioxide. It will mix with sunlight and then oxygen is released and the water is reused by plants. 5. The plants produce food on the leaves when water, sugar light and carbon dioxide. 6. Its possible to run of solar energy because plants will die, so herbovors will die, so carnovors will die and then we will die.

We found out that when we added sugar to the bag with warm water, yeast and crushed cookies and put it in a warm bath we get little activity and less water. Which means the sugar we added is a food to the yeast.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM REVIEW
Answer these questions: 1. What are the basic needs of all living cells?  Water, sugar, oxygen, carbon dioxide 2. How do the cells in multicellular organisms get the resources They need to stay alive? <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">They get it from the body 3. What is the main function of the left side of the human Heart? <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">Pump blood through the body. 4. What is the main function of the right side of the human Heart? <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">Pump blood through the lungs 5. What is the function of the red blood cells? 6. What are the main kinds of blood vessels and what functions Do they perform? <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">The blood flows back from the heart in vessels called veins. Blood flows away from the heart in vessels called arteries. The blood vessels that serve the cells, and are the smallest are called capillaries. The system of blood vessels and the heart is called the circulatory system 7. Describe what happens when blood flows through the lungs. The cells get oxygen. <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">The deoxygenated blood drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. 8. Describe what happens when blood in capillaries flows past Cells. <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">The capillaries touch every cell in the body. Gas exchange takes place while the red blood cell is sliding past a cell. Here only the thin wall of the capillary is between them. Oxygen passes into the cells, and carbon dioxide passes out. The red blood cell then transports then carbon dioxide to the lungs for disposal.

Score: 4.5/8 Check these answers, Riley! Ms Hahn's corrections for you: <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1. Food, water, gas exchange, and waste removal! 2. Blood flowing through the circulatory system delivers nutrients and removes waste 3. It collects blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body tissues. 4. It collects blood returning from the body tissues and pumps it out to the lungs. 5. They carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells, and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. 6. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. Capillaries touch all cells and carry out gas exchange and nutrient delivery. 7. Red blood cells release carbon dioxide for elimination and pick up oxygen for delivery. 8. Cells take water, food (sugar), minerals, and oxygen from the blood and transfer wastes to the blood.

Vascular Plants A lot of plants you see are vascular plants. Like raspberries, celery, maple trees, tomatoes, trees palmate:

pinnate: Parallel:

=**VASCULAR PLANTS**=

**CELERY EXPERIMENT A**
Design an experiment to get information about rootless celery and water. The materials available to you include: 2 Stalks of celery with leaves 2 Stalks of celery without leaves 4 Vials
 * Experimental Design**

1 vial holder

measurement tools While you work on your experimental design, think about these three things. • Leaves might affect how celery interacts with water. • The mass of the celery might change. • The volume of water in the vial might change.
 * Testable question: ** ** Plan to answer our question: Will the celery absorb more or less water water than celery with leaves

** **PLAN: Step 1** ** we will fill 4 cups with water up to 25 millimeters ** **step** 2 we will put 1 piece of celery in each vial 2 with leaves and 2 with no leaves **
 * step 3** the next day we will compare
 * step 4** ** record the results


 * Celery Condition ||  || Starting volume of water (mL) ||   || Ending volume of water (mL) ||   || Starting mass of celery (g) ||   || Ending mass of celery (g) ||


 * no leaves (bob) ||  || 25ml. ||   || 16ml. ||   || 58g. ||   || 47g. ||   ||   ||   ||   ||


 * leaves (dan) ||  || 25ml. ||   || 11ml. ||   || 22g. ||   || 25g. ||   ||


 * no leaves (carl) ||  || 25ml. ||   || 20ml. ||   || 39g. ||   || 30g. ||   ||   ||


 * leaves (alexa) ||  || 25ml. ||   ||   ||   || 24g. ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

**C** **ELERY OBSERVATIONS AFTER 1 DAY BUT BEFORE MEASURING 1.** What is the general condition of the ** celery stalks compared to yesterday? 2. How did the water in the vial change from yesterday? 3. What do you think happened to the water? RED DYE CELERY OBSERVATIONS 1. What did you observe when you first looked at the red-dyed whole celery stalk? the celery is sort of red. 2. What did you observe when you then looked at the cross section of the celery stalk? 3. What do you think the red dots are in the celery stalk cross section? 4. What is the relationship between the red dots and water in the celery stalk? MY CONCLUSIONS FOR CELERY EXPERIMENT B:**

Notes on video "Plant Structures and Growth": A) all of the below B)connects the roots to the leaves C)Helps the plant reach the sun the answer is c
 * plant can grow and developed roots to suck water
 * plant cells are like tissuse and organs
 * some plants can live op to 400 years
 * phloem carry food where ever it needs it
 * the biggest living organasim is Generald Sherman
 * grass has many roots while some others only have 1
 * roots follow gravity downwards, its called geotropism
 * you always find xylem and phloem and of course trees
 * what plants don't have in common, their not all vascular, they don't all perspire, they don't all live in soil, they are all multi-cellular.
 * most plants contain chlorophyll
 * xylem brings water and nutrients to the leaves. phloem transports sugar and nutrients where ever it is needed.
 * the rings in a tree are made every year when a new vascular bundle is formed
 * the more water it gets the thicker the vascular tissue.
 * What does the stem do?
 * What does the stem do?

Making food article
1. Plants do not produce when they have no water. <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">correct 2. Plants do not produce when they have no light. <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">correct 3. Plants do produce when they have no nitrogen. <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">correct 4. Plants do produce when they have no oxygen. <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">correct 5. Plants do not produce when they have no carbon dioxide. correct 6. Plants do not produce food from the sand they grow in. <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">correct 7. The variables they need to make food are water, light and carbon dioxide. 8. The mass of the produced food come from carbon dioxide and, water. <span style="color: rgb(0, 255, 255);">correct 9. Paco's and Eva's data support my conclusion by... when they made the table it explained very carefully what you need to produce food from plants.

We used 1. one large basin 2. one and a half liters of soil 3. 50 ml. of small stones 4. half a liter of sand 5. 7 barley seeds 6. 8 corn seeds 7. 8 pea seeds 8. 8 clover seeds 9. 8 radish seeds

what we did:
 * We added 200 ml. of water because the soil looked dry

2. My Terrestrial Environments Journal

Questions to consider:

· How does the soil look? <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(9, 26, 246);">it looks sort of flooded so we added more soil. 22/4/09 It looks sort of dry and wet so i guess it is just right. 27/4/09 It looks great except now their are little fairy, spider web things, i think it is called mold · Have any seeds sprouted?<span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(9, 26, 246);"> I don't think any seeds have sprouted. 22/4/09 Three corn and three clover seeds have sprouted. 6/5/09  · What kind of seed sprouted first? **<span style="font-size: 16pt; color: rgb(9, 26, 246);">the corn sprouted first. 27/4/09 What kind of seed sprouted last? · How would you recommend planting seeds in a terrarium? How much soil should be on top of the seed? Do different types of seeds require different planting techniques? · How is the environment in your terrarium different than the more common environment for corn, barley, clover, radishes, and peas? <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">Well i think all of these seeds grow in a open, humid, wide space. Our terrarium is in a little box with rocks, soil and sand, then we put in seeds. <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> Well first of all it ins't in a box so i would put it in more of a natrul spot · If you were going to set up a terrarium again, what would you do differently and why? ** <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">What i would do differently is let it grow in a more natral envirement and i wouldn't add so much water at first. 11/5/09 1. what structures do vascular plants have for transporting water? Xylem 2. what structures do vascular plants have for transporting sugar? Phloem
 * · How do the sides and the top of the terrarium look? <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(9, 26, 246);">It looks like condensation happened in it while the lid was closed. 22/4/09 It looks like only water drops so i can't really see anything. 27/4/09
 * · What kind of plant grows best in your terrarium? **<span style="color: rgb(9, 26, 246); font-size: 160%;">The corn has sprouted best in our terrarium. 4/5/09 2nd is the clover. 6/5/09
 * · How have the living factors of the environment changed? **<span style="font-size: 16pt; color: rgb(9, 26, 246);">they have changed because before we couldn't see anything now four seeds have sprouted <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(9, 26, 246);">. 4/50/09
 * · How have the nonliving factors of the environment changed? <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">T **<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">hey have changed by getting more and more dryer. 11/5/09
 * · Which organisms found your terrarium a favorable environment? Why do you think so?
 * · What factors might affect the growth of the plants in your terrarium if you repeated the investigation during a different season? **<span style="font-size: 16pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">For winter it might be cold. for fall the leaves might fall. (LOL i just got that.)etc.11/5/09 ** In a different room in the school? **<span style="font-size: 16pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">It always depends on temperature so it may be very cold because of AC. 11/5/09. ** In a different part of the country? <span style="font-size: 16pt; color: rgb(9, 26, 246);"> well some places it is very cold or very hot, so it might be too hot or not hot enough. 6/5/09 <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">

Vascular plants thinking: <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1. the phloem carry's the sugar! The phloem takes sugar where ever it is needed when ever. The phloem unlike xylem is taken where ever. 2. Xylem takes it down to the ground. Xylem takes the minerals and water and gives it to the cells. the xylem goes one way, up. 3. The celery turned red! Plants suck up the water and since water has no color it stays the same. But since the water is red it turns red. **

**Brine Shrimp Hatching** We wanted to find out... We wanted to find out if the brine shrimp will survive with the more salt.
 * 1. The problem:** The problem is people have noticed that the brine shrimp was a prime food source for birds and now the ponds and lakes which are where Brine shrimp hatch and which is very salty. So the eggs might not hatch.

2. **What we did:** We labeled 4 glasses with the amount of salt will go in and our table name. Then we filled each cup with 150 ml. of water. We added one spoon of salt in the cup and swiveled it so the salt will dissolve. We put one mini spoon of brine shrimp in each cup. Then put each cup in a FOSS tray. We used... to... We used 4 plastic cups as a home for the brine shrimp. We used salt as a variable. We used brine shrimp for a living system. We use caps for the cups to protect the brine shrimp.

3. **After 24 hours we noticed....** That in the cup with 2 and 3 mini spoons of brine shrimp more have hatched. The cup with no salt have not hatched 4. **After 48** **hours we noticed....** That in cup 2, cup 0 and 1 most have died and cup 0 and 1. In cup 3 their are more that hatched and they are alive. 5. **My predictions...** I predict that in cup 0 and cup 1 the brine shrimp will not hatch. And in cup 3, most will die tomorrow. **6. After 60 hours we noticed...** I think all shrimp have died in cup 0, 1 and 2 and only a little bit is left in cup 3. Cup 3 hatched last and is living the longest, so it might have lived just as long as the shrimp in cup 2, 1, and 0. My estimation is about 20-30 shrimp is left.

My letter to Dr. Bryans:

Dear Dr. Bryans, We have successfully completed the experiment and here our the results. It seems that if you have 3 spoons of salt the brine shrimp hatch later tan 2,3

**How can we find out if the eggs that have not hatched in the cups are still viable? (Alive or able to grow)

Our Plan:

1. We are going to put 50 ml. of salt in each cup except the one with no salt which now means that the one with only 50 ml. of salt now has 100 ml. of salt. The one with 100 ml. of salt has 150 ml. of salt. The one with 150 ml. of salt now has 200 ml. of salt. 2. The next day we are going to check the shrimp with a magnifying glass and see if the extra salt makes the ones that did not hatch hatch and help living shrimp survive longer. 3.****We are going to have them last until they look like they are going to die** ** again **. After 48 hours we noticed that in cup 4 (3) and 3 (2) a lot of shrimp have survived. 1. I had a 0, a 2,a 3 and 4 spoon cups 2 . The hatching did robust but only in cup 4(3) and a little bit in cup 3(2). 3. It did help because now a lot of shrimp are swimming around and our happy